Responding to the new analysis from the Health Foundation and the Association of Directors of Public Health, the chief executive of NHS Providers, Chris Hopson, said:

"This analysis highlights the urgent need to invest significantly in public health and prevention as a foundation for the government's levelling up agenda.

"COVID-19 has thrust the importance of a robust and well-resourced public health system firmly into the spotlight, as well as the need to address health inequalities.

"The public health activities which help prevent ill health, such as tackling obesity and improving mental health, are vital to the overall health of the nation and to reducing pressures on the NHS.

"Addressing health inequalities and fully supporting citizens to maximise their own health and well-being are key for a healthy nation.

"It is more important than ever for the government to commit to long-term investment in public health services, recognising the vital role they play in supporting resilience to national emergencies and supporting overall health and wellbeing."